HIV Criminalization Against Immigrants in California
The Williams Institute researchers analyzed California Criminal Offender Record Information (CORI) data on HIV offenses in California to explore the demographics and experiences of foreign born individuals as compared to their U.S. born counterparts. While only 30% of immigrants in this data set had immigration proceedings recorded in their criminal history, among them, one in four had those proceedings initiated after and HIV-specific incident. This emphasizes the impact that HIV criminalization can have on the lives of noncitizen immigrants above and beyond the impact on their citizen peers.
Factsheet Uzbekistan 2022
The Republic of Uzbekistan has repeatedly received recommendations from the treaty bodies to amend the Criminal Code and repeal both Articles 113 and 120 as such that lead to systematic violations. The Republic of Uzbekistan systematically ignores all such comments and recommendations, despite having committed to comply with international regulations.
This factsheet summarises violations from international regulations and recommendations from the treaty bodies.
Bringing Science to Justice: Impact of the Expert Consensus Statement on the Science of HIV in the context of criminal law over the past five years (Poster)
Research findings on the five-year impact of the ‘Expert Consensus Statement on the Science of HIV in the Context of Criminal Law’, presented at the International AIDS Conference (IAS 2023). The research examined the impact of the Expert Consensus Statement on individual cases as well as broader law and policy outcomes in the five years since its publication and found that the statement remains relevant, accurate and extremely useful. Newer studies bolster the conclusions presented in the statement, reinforcing its overarching message that science does not support HIV criminalisation.
The risk of sexual transmission of HIV in individuals with low-level HIV viraemia: a systematic review
The risk of sexual transmission of HIV from individuals with low-level HIV viraemia receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) has important public health implications, especially in resource-limited settings that use alternatives to plasma-based viral load testing. This Article summarises the evidence related to sexual transmission of HIV at varying HIV viral load levels to inform messaging for people living with HIV, their partners, their health-care providers, and the wider public.
The role of HIV viral suppression in improving individual health and reducing transmission
This policy brief describes key HIV viral load thresholds and the available viral load testing approaches for monitoring how well antiretroviral therapy is working for people living with HIV.
Key messages include:
- HIV viral suppression is critical to improve health, prevent sexual transmission, and reduce perinatal transmission.
- There are three key categories for HIV viral load measurements: unsuppressed (>1000 copies/mL), suppressed (detected but ≤1000 copies/mL) and undetectable (viral load not detected by test used).
- People living with HIV who have an undetectable viral load using any WHO-prequalified combination of sample and testing platform, including dried blood spot samples, and continue taking medication as prescribed have zero risk of transmitting HIV to their sexual partner(s).
- People living with HIV who have a suppressed but detectable viral load and are taking medication as prescribed have almost zero or negligible risk of transmitting HIV to their sexual partner(s).
HIV Criminalization Scan in the countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia
This report, produced by EWNA, focuses on the criminalisation of HIV transmission, which remains a serious human rights concern in EECA, and includes findings from country informants, including women living with HIV, on laws and policies that criminalise people living with HIV in the EECA region. The report is based on data from 11 countries in the EECA region: Armenia, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.
Please note that this report was machine translated via Google translate.
- Alternative links
- Russian
Analysis of the national legislation of the Georgia related to SOGI and HIV
OptTEST case study 4: Removing sex work regulations in Greece
In April 2012, the Greek police carried out a massive operation in downtown Athens, arresting drug users and sex workers, forcing them to undergo HIV testing and charging them with prostitution. This case study explores the response from human rights and HIV groups both in Greece and internationally and the following campaign to repeal the provision.
Beyond criminalization: reconsidering HIV criminalization in an era of reform
This paper reviews recent studies examining the application of HIV-specific criminal laws in North America (particularly the United States and Canada). In the wake of the development of new biomedical prevention strategies, many states in the United States (US) have recently begun to reform or repeal their HIV-specific laws. These findings can help inform efforts to ‘modernize’ HIV laws (or, to revise in ways that reflect recent scientific advances in HIV treatment and prevention).
Криминализация ВИЧ-инфекции — Серия информационных бюллетеней по правам человека
Серия информационных бюллетеней по правам человека: Криминализация ВИЧ-инфекции; ВИЧ и люди, употребляющие наркотики; ВИЧ, геи и другие мужчины, практикующие секс с мужчинами; ВИЧ, трансгендерные и другие гендерно разнообразные люди; ВИЧ и секс-работа; ВИЧ и люди в местах лишения свободы; ВИЧ, стигма и дискриминация.
Did patterns of court rulings in Sweden regarding HIV as a criminal act change after the new recommendation from The Public Health Agency of Sweden?
The study assesses the effect of the new recommendations from the Public Health Agency of Sweden on court rulings after 2012 as well as the factors which influence verdicts overall.
Undetectable = untransmittable — Public health and HIV viral load suppression
UNAIDS factsheet explaining how twenty years of evidence demonstrate that HIV treatment is highly effective in reducing the transmission of HIV. People living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy who have an undetectable level of HIV in their blood have a negligible risk of transmitting HIV sexually.
Нельзя обнаружить = Нельзя передать – Общественное здравоохранение и подавление вирусной нагрузки ВИЧ
За двадцать лет лечение ВИЧ доказало свою высокую эффективность в сокращении риска передачи ВИЧ. У людей, живущих с ВИЧ и проходящих антиретровирусную терапию, уровень вирусной нагрузки в крови снижен до неопределяемого, а значит, риск передачи ВИЧ половым путем практически равен нулю.
Исследование PARTNER: НОЛЬ случаев передачи ВИЧ на 58 000 половых актов без использования презерватива
результаты исследования PARTNER говорят о том, что эффективная АРВ-терапия значительно снижает риск передачи ВИЧ-инфекции. Это исследование может служить убедительным доказательством того, что при неопределяемой вирусной нагрузке передача ВИЧ половым путем не происходит
HIV Criminalisation Defence Case Compendium
This HIV Criminalisation Defence Case Compendium aims to support lawyers acting for those who are alleged to have put others at risk of HIV. Based on research conducted in late 2017, it includes criminal cases from all over the world where strong defence arguments have resulted in an acquittal or reduced penalty for persons living with HIV who have been accused of HIV exposure, non-disclosure or transmission.
The Compendium is not intended to be comprehensive. It has been developed as a resource for a training of lawyers from Africa – “Lawyers for HIV and TB justice: Strategic litigation, legal defence and advocacy training” – held in Johannesburg, South Africa from 20-23 February 2018.
Situation Analysis of Legal and Regulatory Aspects of HIV and AIDS in Seychelles
Designed to help governments and civil society review laws and policies based on human rights, and increase capacity to achieve enabling legal environments. Includes recommendations on criminalisation at p.88.