Finding Equality: A creative take on feminist judgment projects and the criminalization of HIV non-disclosure
This article reflects on the politics of feminist judgments, challenging the premises of the conventional methodology in contexts where the law cannot be redeemed through liberal legal methods. One such area is HIV non-disclosure. Canadian courts have repeatedly found that the criminal law has jurisdiction over a person’s failure to disclose their HIV-positive status in sexual relations. The article argues that the law in this area should not be rewritten using the conventional methodology because the law should be abolished. In contexts like this, feminists should have recourse to an expanded referential universe, including creative tools, strategies, and forms of literary and artistic expression to represent gender and sexuality differently.
HIV and the LAW in Australia: National Audit
This is an audit of Australian laws and policies undermining the goals and key areas of action of the National HIV Strategy. This audit deals mainly with three topics, which have a substantial and adverse impact on persons with HIV as well as other marginalised communities and the broader Australian population. These laws: criminalise HIV transmission, exposure and the failure to disclose HIV status to a sexual partner; define consent in a way that exposes people with HIV to criminalisation; and enable Mandatory Disease Testing (MDT) that adversely impacts people with HIV. For each of these topics, this audit: sets out the relevant laws of each state and territory in Australia; notes the key issues in the area; and outlines suggestions on law reform options.
Case Law Compendium African Regional Judges Forum Vol. 1
Part I includes summaries of precedential human rights rulings from across the continent, ranging from the right to health to equality, civic rights, criminal justice, and environmental rights.
Part II provides key excerpts from cases showing the care and diligence judges in the region have applied in their reasoning. The excerpts are indicative of constitutional interpretation that respects the universality of human rights in a context where States are trying to step away from the shackles of colonial laws and policing practices.
Uzbekistan 2022 — Homophobia and Persecution Encouraged in Society
In October 2020, Uzbekistan was elected to the UN Human Rights Council for the period from 2021 to 2023. According to the resolution establishing this Council, a member country must «uphold the highest standards in the promotion and protection of human rights1». In 2022, ECOM registered 80 cases of violations of the rights of LGBT people. This report illustrates multiple unresolved problems in Uzbek society that are largely supported by the inaction of the authorities
Reporting HIV: how to get it right
NAT (National AIDS Trust) monitors news coverage of HIV in the UK and frequently responds to incorrect and stigmatising stories, including stories on criminal transmission. The information in this document is developed based on common issues we come across. It can be used as an update of and supplement to NAT’s Guidelines for Reporting HIV, which were published in 2010.
Special considerations for advising sexual assault complainants living with HIV
This paper is devoted to issues faced by a group of individuals with a unique experience: sexual assault complainants living with HIV who could potentially be transformed from complainants to accused persons. In particular, this paper will discuss some of the factors that arise in these situations and aims to provide some guidance on the advice lawyers can provide to sexual assault complainants living with HIV to assist them in navigating these potentially complex situations.
Судебное преследование по уголовным делам, связанным с ВИЧ, в Канаде
Данный документ призван помочь органам прокуратуры в разработке такого руководства, чтобы избежать вредного использования уголовного законодательства в отношении ВИЧ и обеспечить разумное использование ограниченных ресурсов прокуратуры. Хотя другие инфекции, передающиеся половым путем, могут вызывать такие же опасения, как и ВИЧ, именно случаи, связанные с ВИЧ, в подавляющем большинстве случаев привлекают внимание прокуратуры и судебных органов. Поэтому в данном документе основное внимание уделяется судебным преследованиям, связанным с ВИЧ.
Этот документ был переведен с языка оригинала с помощью DeepL Pro (технологии перевода на основе искусственного интеллекта), чтобы обеспечить доступ пользователей Академии правосудия по ВИЧ к большему объему контента. Мы отдаем себе отчет в ограниченных возможностях машинного перевода и не гарантируем точности переведенной версии документа
OptTEST Советы и подсказки №9 – Как представлять наши аргументы политикам и людям, принимающим решения?
Изучает, как обучать лиц, принимающих решения, и политиков, лучшие способы коммуникации, как сформулировать аргументы и т.д.
A Legal Toolkit: Resources for Attorneys Handling HIV-Related Prosecutions
This toolkit produced by the Center for HIV Law and Policy (CHLP) for the Positive Justice Project in 2013, provides multiple resources (including case law, legal analysis and scientific data) for lawyers representing people facing HIV criminalisation, and other advocates.
Closing the gap: increases in life expectancy among treated HIV-positive individuals in the United States and Canada
Estimates temporal changes in life expectancy among HIV-positive adults on ART from 2000–2007 in the U.S. and Canada. Found a 20-year-old HIV-positive adult on ART could expect to live into their early 70s, a life expectancy approaching that of the general population. Differences by sex, race, HIV transmission risk group, and CD4 count remained.
Lack of transmission of HIV through human bites and scratches
Report of small study following an HIV-positive man with severe brain damage and poor dental hygiene (causing bleeding gums) who was frequently violent to hospital staff. After 2.5 years follow up, all of the 30 people he’d bitten or scratched remained HIV-negative.
Spit Does Not Transmit: A Fact Sheet for Law Enforcement Personnel, The Center for HIV Law and Policy, the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives and the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys (2013)
This 2013 factsheet produced by the Center for HIV Law and Policy, the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives and the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys provides current factual information about the HIV transmission risks law enforcement professionals may face in the line of duty (aiming to address the frequent overstating of risk). States there is no known case of a law enforcement officer being infected in the line of duty through spitting or biting.
Male circumcision for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized trials involving 11 050 men
Systemic review of medical literature found male circumcision is an effective strategy for reducing new male HIV infections, however, its impact at population level requires consistently safe sexual practices to maintain the protective benefit.
Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis
Review and meta-analysis of 11 articles found no HIV transmission among heterosexual discordant couples when the positive patient was treated with ART and had a viral load below 400 copies (with data compatible with one transmission per 79 years).
Prevention of HIV-1 Infection with Early Antiretroviral Therapy
Reports findings of OPTN 052 study based in nine countries, which found early initiation of antiretroviral therapy reduced rates of sexual transmission of HIV-1 and clinical events, indicating both personal and public health benefits from such therapy.
Routes, Risks and Realities of HIV Transmission and Care: Current Scientific Knowledge and Medical Treatment
This factsheet from the Center for HIV & Law Policy, published in 2017, outlines HIV transmission risk (based on “HIV Medicine and Science: Transmission Considerations”).
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Advancing HIV Justice 2: Building momentum in global advocacy against HIV criminalisation
Provides a progress report of achievements and challenges in global advocacy against HIV criminalisation from April 2013 to 30 September 2015.
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- Français (Traduction automatisée),
Position on the Criminalization of HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infections and Other Communicable Diseases
Highlights the detrimental effects of criminalization statutes and offers a statement of support for evidence-based prevention measures and interventions to reduce the spread of infectious diseases.
Risk of HIV transmission from patients on antiretroviral therapy: a position statement from the Public Health Agency of Sweden and the Swedish Reference Group for Antiviral Therapy
Summarises the latest research on the risk of HIV transmission from people on suppressive treatment, focusing on risk of sexual transmission. Authored by the Public Health Agency of Sweden and the Swedish Reference Group for Antiviral Therapy.
Canadian Consensus Statement on HIV and its transmission in the context of the criminal law
Sets out in clear, concise, and understandable terms a collective expert opinion about HIV sexual transmission, transmission associated with biting and spitting, and HIV as a chronic manageable condition. Authored by six distinguished Canadian HIV clinicians and scientists.
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- French
Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality: The Impact of Criminalizing HIV Nondisclosure on Public Health Nurses’ Counselling
Found HIV criminalisation negatively impacts nursing practice as public health nurses endeavour to control information about the limits of confidentiality at the outset of HIV post-test counselling. Individual practice varies as nurses pragmatically balance ethical and professional concerns. Some intentionally withhold information about the risk of subpoena, while others talk to clients about confidentiality in ways that focus on the risk of harm associated with criminalisation.
Criminalization of HIV transmission Policy Brief
Urges governments to limit criminalisation of HIV to cases of intentional transmission. Argues that criminal law should not be applied in a range of circumstances, including where there is no significant risk of transmission.
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- French/Français, Spanish/Español, Russian/Русский